The field of power systems is moving towards increased integration of renewable energy sources and improved grid stability. Researchers are exploring innovative ways to leverage district heating systems, buildings, and data centers as ancillary services for primary frequency control and flexibility provision. Noteworthy papers include:

• One that proposes a novel power sharing scheme for heating systems based on average temperature, enabling optimal power allocation among diverse energy sources.
• Another that introduces an uncertainty-aware flexibility quantifier for buildings, which accounts for uncertain ambient weather forecasts and inaccurate building thermal models.
• A paper that presents a data-driven linearization framework for embedding nonlinear nadir frequency constraints into mixed-integer linear programming, enabling tractable optimization of generation schedules and fast frequency response from data centers.
• A study that proposes a novel AC optimal power flow-based method to construct a three-dimensional PQV-FOR, explicitly accounting for voltage variability and diverse flexibility-providing unit characteristics, enabling single-round TSO-DSO coordination.